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- BUSINESS, Page 49Do We Really Need Banks Anymore?
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- As Congress haggles over a plan to rejuvenate the banking
- system, a central question is going unasked: Does the U.S.
- economy even need banks?
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- To many Americans, the idea of a bankless society may seem
- inconceivable. Not only have banks provided everything from
- Christmas clubs to car loans, but they have acted as hubs of the
- community as well. Yet today consumers and businesses can
- conduct virtually all their banking needs, from opening up a
- government-guaranteed checking account to getting a mortgage,
- without ever having to set foot in an actual bank. Now some or
- all of these services are offered by insurance companies,
- brokerage firms and such finance companies as Ford Motor Credit
- and Westinghouse Credit, often at more attractive rates than
- banks can offer. "Banking's preserve has been invaded. There is
- simply nothing unique about banking any longer," notes
- University of California, Berkeley, economics professor James
- Pierce in his new book, The Future of Banking.
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- Want an auto loan? Simply go to your car dealer, who can
- provide a loan from one of the financing arms of the big
- automakers. Want a home mortgage? Call an insurance company or
- even a Wall Street securities firm. More and more Americans are
- doing just that. At the end of 1990, banks held a mere 16% of
- the $3 trillion in residential mortgages outstanding, and less
- than half of all auto loans.
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- Savers don't need banks any more than borrowers do. Those
- who want to open a checking account and earn healthy income on
- their deposits can do so through a cash-management or
- money-market account with a brokerage firm. Some people shy away
- from such accounts because they aren't protected by the Federal
- Deposit Insurance Corp., but they now have reason to reconsider.
- One Wall Street company, Prudential Securities, has an "insured
- income account," including checking privileges, that comes with
- the FDIC's $100,000 guarantee. (To get the government
- protection, the parent company, Prudential Insurance, bought a
- finance company covered by the FDIC.)
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- The business community has an even greater variety of
- nonbank choices to meets its financing needs. Blue-chip
- companies now turn elsewhere to borrow most of their money.
- Firms can raise short-term cash at lower rates by selling
- commercial paper; for longer-term money, they can issue bonds.
- Even small and medium-size firms, a vital source of business for
- banks, have many borrowing sources. The financing arms of
- General Electric, General Motors and Ford, which offer loans to
- businesses, are among the 10 largest financial institutions in
- the U.S.
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- Another class of private creditors that has encroached on
- the turf of banks is asset-based lenders like Congress
- Financial, in New York City. These firms, which lend money to
- companies based largely on the value of the borrower's
- collateral, have tripled their loans outstanding to more than
- $100 billion over the past five years. Even the junk-bond market
- has bounced back as a source of funds for U.S. companies.
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- Foreign lenders have also expanded their reach in the U.S.
- market. By having access to cheaper funds overseas and avoiding
- some of the regulations that bind U.S. institutions, foreign
- banks can package loans at hard-to-beat interest rates. The
- result: they made 30% of all loans to American companies last
- year, up from 18% a decade ago. All this competition has taken
- its toll on the U.S. banking industry, which now holds only a
- 30% share of business loans.
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- Banks still offer a few things almost exclusively, like
- automatic teller machines. But even there, American Express
- offers a network of ATMs, as do several other companies.
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- Have the U.S. banks thus become obsolete? The answer is
- that they still have a role to play, but a far smaller one,
- since they are no longer the only game in town. Beset with an
- overhang of poor-quality loans from the 1980s and new challenges
- in all the bread-and-butter businesses, banks have lost their
- financial edge -- and then some. "The nonbank companies have
- smelled blood in the banking system, and they have moved in to
- gain market share," says Edward Yardeni, chief economist for the
- Wall Street firm C.J. Lawrence. "To survive, the banks are going
- to have to restructure, repair their balance sheets and drop in
- number closer to 5,000 by the end of the decade." The banks that
- remain, the strong and progressive ones, will be the better for
- it.
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- By Bernard Baumohl
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